Category Archives: Uncategorized

In this video lesson we show how to control the position of a game paddle in Python using data from a joystick controlled by Arduino. the data is passed from Arduino to Python, and then the position of the game paddle is dynamically adjusted in real time. On the arduino side, this is the code which we developed:

int potX=A0;
int potY=A1;
int potZ=2;
int dl=100;

int xVal=0;
int yVal=0;
int zVal=0;

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
Serial.begin(115200);
pinMode(potX,INPUT);
pinMode(potY,INPUT);
pinMode(potZ,INPUT);
digitalWrite(potZ,HIGH);
delay(dl);
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
xVal=analogRead(potX);
yVal=analogRead(potY);
zVal=digitalRead(potZ);
Serial.print(xVal);
Serial.print(',');
Serial.print(yVal);
Serial.print(',');
Serial.println(zVal);
delay(25);



}

int potX=A0;

int potY=A1;

int potZ=2;

int dl=100;

int xVal=0;

int yVal=0;

int zVal=0;

void setup() {

// put your setup code here, to run once:

Serial.begin(115200);

pinMode(potX,INPUT);

pinMode(potY,INPUT);

pinMode(potZ,INPUT);

digitalWrite(potZ,HIGH);

delay(dl);

}

void loop() {

// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

xVal=analogRead(potX);

yVal=analogRead(potY);

zVal=digitalRead(potZ);

Serial.print(xVal);

Serial.print(',');

Serial.print(yVal);

Serial.print(',');

Serial.println(zVal);

delay(25);

}

And on the Python side, this is the code which we used:

from vpython import *
import serial

arduinoData=serial.Serial('com3',115200)

roomX=12
roomY=10
roomZ=16
wallT=.5
wallColor=vector(1,1,1)
wallOpacity=.8
frontOpacity=.1
marbleR=.5
ballColor=vector(0,0,1)

myFloor=box(size=vector(roomX,wallT,roomZ),pos=vector(0,-roomY/2,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)
myCeiling=box(size=vector(roomX,wallT,roomZ),pos=vector(0,roomY/2,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)
leftWall=box(size=vector(wallT,roomY,roomZ),pos=vector(-roomX/2,0,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)
rightWall=box(size=vector(wallT,roomY,roomZ),pos=vector(roomX/2,0,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)
backWall=box(size=vector(roomX,roomY,wallT),pos=vector(0,0,-roomZ/2),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)
frontWall=box(size=vector(roomX,roomY,wallT),pos=vector(0,0,roomZ/2),color=wallColor,opacity=frontOpacity)
marble=sphere(color=ballColor,radius=marbleR)

paddleX=2
paddleY=2
paddleZ=.2
paddleOpacity=.8
paddleColor=vector(0,.8,.6)
paddle=box(size=vector(paddleX,paddleY,paddleZ),pos=vector(0,0,roomZ/2),color=paddleColor,opacity=paddleOpacity)



marbleX=0
deltaX=.1

marbleY=0
deltaY=.1

marbleZ=0
deltaZ=.1

while True:
    while arduinoData.inWaiting()==0:
        pass
    dataPacket=arduinoData.readline()
    print('data is: ',dataPacket)
    dataPacket=str(dataPacket,'utf-8')
    dataPacket.strip('\r\n')
    splitPacket=dataPacket.split(',')

    x=float(splitPacket[0])
    y=float(splitPacket[1])
    z=float(splitPacket[2])

    padX=(roomX/1023.)*x -roomX/2
    padY=(-roomY/1023.)*y+roomY/2

    marbleX=marbleX+deltaX
    marbleY=marbleY+deltaY
    marbleZ=marbleZ+deltaZ


    if marbleX+marbleR>(roomX/2-wallT/2) or marbleX-marbleR<(-roomX/2+wallT/2):
        deltaX=deltaX*(-1)
        marbleX=marbleX+deltaX

    if marbleY+marbleR>(roomY/2-wallT/2) or marbleY-marbleR<(-roomY/2+wallT/2):
        deltaY=deltaY*(-1)
        marbleY=marbleY+deltaY

    if marbleZ+marbleR>(roomZ/2-wallT/2) or marbleZ-marbleR<(-roomZ/2+wallT/2):
        deltaZ=deltaZ*(-1)
        marbleZ=marbleZ+deltaZ

    marble.pos=vector(marbleX,marbleY,marbleZ)
    paddle.pos=vector(padX,padY,roomZ/2)

from vpython import *

import serial

arduinoData=serial.Serial('com3',115200)

roomX=12

roomY=10

roomZ=16

wallT=.5

wallColor=vector(1,1,1)

wallOpacity=.8

frontOpacity=.1

marbleR=.5

ballColor=vector(0,0,1)

myFloor=box(size=vector(roomX,wallT,roomZ),pos=vector(0,-roomY/2,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)

myCeiling=box(size=vector(roomX,wallT,roomZ),pos=vector(0,roomY/2,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)

leftWall=box(size=vector(wallT,roomY,roomZ),pos=vector(-roomX/2,0,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)

rightWall=box(size=vector(wallT,roomY,roomZ),pos=vector(roomX/2,0,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)

backWall=box(size=vector(roomX,roomY,wallT),pos=vector(0,0,-roomZ/2),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)

frontWall=box(size=vector(roomX,roomY,wallT),pos=vector(0,0,roomZ/2),color=wallColor,opacity=frontOpacity)

marble=sphere(color=ballColor,radius=marbleR)

paddleX=2

paddleY=2

paddleZ=.2

paddleOpacity=.8

paddleColor=vector(0,.8,.6)

paddle=box(size=vector(paddleX,paddleY,paddleZ),pos=vector(0,0,roomZ/2),color=paddleColor,opacity=paddleOpacity)

marbleX=0

deltaX=.1

marbleY=0

deltaY=.1

marbleZ=0

deltaZ=.1

while True:

while arduinoData.inWaiting()==0:

pass

dataPacket=arduinoData.readline()

print('data is: ',dataPacket)

dataPacket=str(dataPacket,'utf-8')

dataPacket.strip('\r\n')

splitPacket=dataPacket.split(',')

x=float(splitPacket[0])

y=float(splitPacket[1])

z=float(splitPacket[2])

padX=(roomX/1023.)*x -roomX/2

padY=(-roomY/1023.)*y+roomY/2

marbleX=marbleX+deltaX

marbleY=marbleY+deltaY

marbleZ=marbleZ+deltaZ

if marbleX+marbleR>(roomX/2-wallT/2) or marbleX-marbleR<(-roomX/2+wallT/2):

deltaX=deltaX*(-1)

marbleX=marbleX+deltaX

if marbleY+marbleR>(roomY/2-wallT/2) or marbleY-marbleR<(-roomY/2+wallT/2):

deltaY=deltaY*(-1)

marbleY=marbleY+deltaY

if marbleZ+marbleR>(roomZ/2-wallT/2) or marbleZ-marbleR<(-roomZ/2+wallT/2):

deltaZ=deltaZ*(-1)

marbleZ=marbleZ+deltaZ

marble.pos=vector(marbleX,marbleY,marbleZ)

paddle.pos=vector(padX,padY,roomZ/2)

Uncategorized

Using an Arduino with Python LESSON 16: Connecting and Using a Joystick with Arduino

April 26, 2022 admin

In this video lesson we are working towards creating a 3D version of the classic Pong arcade game. In this session, we show how to read data from the joystick using the arduino.

The arduino code developed in this video is included for your convenience below:

int potX=A0;
int potY=A1;
int potZ=2;
int xVal=0;
int yVal=0;
int zVal=0;
void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
Serial.begin(115200);
pinMode(potX,INPUT);
pinMode(potY,INPUT);
pinMode(potZ,INPUT);

}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
xVal=analogRead(potX);
yVal=analogRead(potY);
zVal=digitalRead(potZ);
Serial.print(xVal);
Serial.print(',');
Serial.print(yVal);
Serial.print(',');
Serial.println(zVal);
delay(25);
}

int potX=A0;

int potY=A1;

int potZ=2;

int xVal=0;

int yVal=0;

int zVal=0;

void setup() {

// put your setup code here, to run once:

Serial.begin(115200);

pinMode(potX,INPUT);

pinMode(potY,INPUT);

pinMode(potZ,INPUT);

}

void loop() {

// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

xVal=analogRead(potX);

yVal=analogRead(potY);

zVal=digitalRead(potZ);

Serial.print(xVal);

Serial.print(',');

Serial.print(yVal);

Serial.print(',');

Serial.println(zVal);

delay(25);

}

Also, this is the vPython 3D simulation we have developed thus far:

from vpython import *
roomX=12
roomY=10
roomZ=16
wallT=.5
wallColor=vector(1,1,1)
wallOpacity=.8
frontOpacity=.1
marbleR=.5
ballColor=vector(0,0,1)

myFloor=box(size=vector(roomX,wallT,roomZ),pos=vector(0,-roomY/2,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)
myCeiling=box(size=vector(roomX,wallT,roomZ),pos=vector(0,roomY/2,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)
leftWall=box(size=vector(wallT,roomY,roomZ),pos=vector(-roomX/2,0,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)
rightWall=box(size=vector(wallT,roomY,roomZ),pos=vector(roomX/2,0,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)
backWall=box(size=vector(roomX,roomY,wallT),pos=vector(0,0,-roomZ/2),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)
frontWall=box(size=vector(roomX,roomY,wallT),pos=vector(0,0,roomZ/2),color=wallColor,opacity=frontOpacity)
marble=sphere(color=ballColor,radius=marbleR)

marbleX=0
deltaX=.1

marbleY=0
deltaY=.1

marbleZ=0
deltaZ=.1

while True:
    rate(20)

    marbleX=marbleX+deltaX
    marbleY=marbleY+deltaY
    marbleZ=marbleZ+deltaZ


    if marbleX+marbleR>(roomX/2-wallT/2) or marbleX-marbleR<(-roomX/2+wallT/2):
        deltaX=deltaX*(-1)
        marbleX=marbleX+deltaX

    if marbleY+marbleR>(roomY/2-wallT/2) or marbleY-marbleR<(-roomY/2+wallT/2):
        deltaY=deltaY*(-1)
        marbleY=marbleY+deltaY

    if marbleZ+marbleR>(roomZ/2-wallT/2) or marbleZ-marbleR<(-roomZ/2+wallT/2):
        deltaZ=deltaZ*(-1)
        marbleZ=marbleZ+deltaZ

    marble.pos=vector(marbleX,marbleY,marbleZ)

from vpython import *

roomX=12

roomY=10

roomZ=16

wallT=.5

wallColor=vector(1,1,1)

wallOpacity=.8

frontOpacity=.1

marbleR=.5

ballColor=vector(0,0,1)

myFloor=box(size=vector(roomX,wallT,roomZ),pos=vector(0,-roomY/2,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)

myCeiling=box(size=vector(roomX,wallT,roomZ),pos=vector(0,roomY/2,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)

leftWall=box(size=vector(wallT,roomY,roomZ),pos=vector(-roomX/2,0,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)

rightWall=box(size=vector(wallT,roomY,roomZ),pos=vector(roomX/2,0,0),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)

backWall=box(size=vector(roomX,roomY,wallT),pos=vector(0,0,-roomZ/2),color=wallColor,opacity=wallOpacity)

frontWall=box(size=vector(roomX,roomY,wallT),pos=vector(0,0,roomZ/2),color=wallColor,opacity=frontOpacity)

marble=sphere(color=ballColor,radius=marbleR)

marbleX=0

deltaX=.1

marbleY=0

deltaY=.1

marbleZ=0

deltaZ=.1

while True:

rate(20)

marbleX=marbleX+deltaX

marbleY=marbleY+deltaY

marbleZ=marbleZ+deltaZ

if marbleX+marbleR>(roomX/2-wallT/2) or marbleX-marbleR<(-roomX/2+wallT/2):

deltaX=deltaX*(-1)

marbleX=marbleX+deltaX

if marbleY+marbleR>(roomY/2-wallT/2) or marbleY-marbleR<(-roomY/2+wallT/2):

deltaY=deltaY*(-1)

marbleY=marbleY+deltaY

if marbleZ+marbleR>(roomZ/2-wallT/2) or marbleZ-marbleR<(-roomZ/2+wallT/2):

deltaZ=deltaZ*(-1)

marbleZ=marbleZ+deltaZ

marble.pos=vector(marbleX,marbleY,marbleZ)

Uncategorized

Using an Arduino with Python LESSON 7: Measuring Temperature and Humidity With the DHT11

February 22, 2022 admin

In this video lesson we show you how to wire up the most excellent DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor. The video above takes you through the build and coding. Below, for your convenience is the code developed in the video

#include "DHT.h"
#define DHTPIN 2
#define DHTTYPE DHT11

float tempF;
float tempC;
float humidity;

int setTime=500;
int dt=1000;

DHT TH(DHTPIN,DHTTYPE);

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
Serial.begin(115200);
TH.begin();
delay(setTime);
}
void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
tempC=TH.readTemperature();
tempF=TH.readTemperature(true);
humidity=TH.readHumidity();


Serial.print(tempF);
Serial.print(" Degrees F, ");
Serial.print(tempC);
Serial.print(" Degrees C, ");
Serial.print(humidity);
Serial.println("% Humidity");
delay(dt);
}

#include "DHT.h"

#define DHTPIN 2

#define DHTTYPE DHT11

float tempF;

float tempC;

float humidity;

int setTime=500;

int dt=1000;

DHT TH(DHTPIN,DHTTYPE);

void setup() {

// put your setup code here, to run once:

Serial.begin(115200);

TH.begin();

delay(setTime);

}

void loop() {

// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

tempC=TH.readTemperature();

tempF=TH.readTemperature(true);

humidity=TH.readHumidity();

Serial.print(tempF);

Serial.print(" Degrees F, ");

Serial.print(tempC);

Serial.print(" Degrees C, ");

Serial.print(humidity);

Serial.println("% Humidity");

delay(dt);

}

Uncategorized

AI for Everyone LESSON 28: Storing and Loading Gesture Training Data in Mediapipe

February 17, 2022 admin

In this video lesson we show how to train our model for different gestures, and how to store and load our training data. For your convenience, we include the code below we develop in this video.

import time
import cv2
print(cv2.__version__)
import numpy as np
import pickle

class mpHands:
    import mediapipe as mp
    def __init__(self,maxHands=2,tol1=.5,tol2=.5):
        self.hands=self.mp.solutions.hands.Hands(False,maxHands,tol1,tol2)
    def Marks(self,frame):
        myHands=[]
        frameRGB=cv2.cvtColor(frame,cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
        results=self.hands.process(frameRGB)
        if results.multi_hand_landmarks != None:
            for handLandMarks in results.multi_hand_landmarks:
                myHand=[]
                for landMark in handLandMarks.landmark:
                    myHand.append((int(landMark.x*width),int(landMark.y*height)))
                myHands.append(myHand)
        return myHands
def findDistances(handData):
    distMatrix=np.zeros([len(handData),len(handData)],dtype='float')
    palmSize=((handData[0][0]-handData[9][0])**2+(handData[0][1]-handData[9][1])**2)**(1./2.)
    for row in range(0,len(handData)):
        for column in range(0,len(handData)):
            distMatrix[row][column]=(((handData[row][0]-handData[column][0])**2+(handData[row][1]-handData[column][1])**2)**(1./2.))/palmSize
    return distMatrix

def findError(gestureMatrix,unknownMatrix,keyPoints):
    error=0
    for row in keyPoints:
        for column in keyPoints:
            error=error+abs(gestureMatrix[row][column]-unknownMatrix[row][column])
    print(error)
    return error
def findGesture(unknownGesture,knownGestures,keyPoints,gestNames,tol):
    errorArray=[]
    for i in range(0,len(gestNames),1):
        error=findError(knownGestures[i],unknownGesture,keyPoints)
        errorArray.append(error)
    errorMin=errorArray[0]
    minIndex=0
    for i in range(0,len(errorArray),1):
        if errorArray[i]<errorMin:
            errorMin=errorArray[i]
            minIndex=i
    if errorMin<tol:
        gesture=gestNames[minIndex]
    if errorMin>=tol:
        gesture='Unknown'
    return gesture


width=1280
height=720
cam=cv2.VideoCapture(0,cv2.CAP_DSHOW)
cam.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, width)
cam.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT,height)
cam.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS, 30)
cam.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FOURCC,cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'MJPG'))
findHands=mpHands(1)
time.sleep(5)
keyPoints=[0,4,5,9,13,17,8,12,16,20]

train=int(input('Enter 1 to Train, Enter 0 to Recognize '))
if train==1:
    trainCnt=0
    knownGestures=[]
    numGest=int(input('How Many Gestures Do You Want? '))
    gestNames=[]
    for i in range(0,numGest,1):
        prompt='Name of Gesture #'+str(i+1)+' '
        name=input(prompt)
        gestNames.append(name)
    print(gestNames)
    trainName=input('Filename for training data? (Press Enter for Default) ')
    if trainName=='':
        trainName='default'
    trainName=trainName+'.pkl'
if train==0:
    trainName=input('What Training Data Do You Want to Use? (Press Enter for Default) ')
    if trainName=='':
        trainName='default'
    trainName=trainName+'.pkl'
    with open(trainName,'rb') as f:
        gestNames=pickle.load(f)
        knownGestures=pickle.load(f)

tol=10

while True:
    ignore,  frame = cam.read()
    frame=cv2.resize(frame,(width,height))
    handData=findHands.Marks(frame)
    if train==1:
        if handData!=[]:
            print('Please Show Gesture ',gestNames[trainCnt],': Press t when Ready')
            if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xff==ord('t'):
                knownGesture=findDistances(handData[0])
                knownGestures.append(knownGesture)
                trainCnt=trainCnt+1
                if trainCnt==numGest:
                    train=0
                    with open(trainName,'wb') as f:
                        pickle.dump(gestNames,f)
                        pickle.dump(knownGestures,f)
    if train == 0:
        if handData!=[]:
            unknownGesture=findDistances(handData[0])
            myGesture=findGesture(unknownGesture,knownGestures,keyPoints,gestNames,tol)
            #error=findError(knownGesture,unknownGesture,keyPoints)
            cv2.putText(frame,myGesture,(100,175),cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,3,(255,0,0),8)
    for hand in handData:
        for ind in keyPoints:
            cv2.circle(frame,hand[ind],25,(255,0,255),3)
    cv2.imshow('my WEBcam', frame)
    cv2.moveWindow('my WEBcam',0,0)
    if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xff ==ord('q'):
        break
cam.release()

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import time

import cv2

print(cv2.__version__)

import numpy as np

import pickle

class mpHands:

import mediapipe as mp

def __init__(self,maxHands=2,tol1=.5,tol2=.5):

self.hands=self.mp.solutions.hands.Hands(False,maxHands,tol1,tol2)

def Marks(self,frame):

myHands=[]

frameRGB=cv2.cvtColor(frame,cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)

results=self.hands.process(frameRGB)

if results.multi_hand_landmarks != None:

for handLandMarks in results.multi_hand_landmarks:

myHand=[]

for landMark in handLandMarks.landmark:

myHand.append((int(landMark.x*width),int(landMark.y*height)))

myHands.append(myHand)

return myHands

def findDistances(handData):

distMatrix=np.zeros([len(handData),len(handData)],dtype='float')

palmSize=((handData[0][0]-handData[9][0])**2+(handData[0][1]-handData[9][1])**2)**(1./2.)

for row in range(0,len(handData)):

for column in range(0,len(handData)):

distMatrix[row][column]=(((handData[row][0]-handData[column][0])**2+(handData[row][1]-handData[column][1])**2)**(1./2.))/palmSize

return distMatrix

def findError(gestureMatrix,unknownMatrix,keyPoints):

error=0

for row in keyPoints:

for column in keyPoints:

error=error+abs(gestureMatrix[row][column]-unknownMatrix[row][column])

print(error)

return error

def findGesture(unknownGesture,knownGestures,keyPoints,gestNames,tol):

errorArray=[]

for i in range(0,len(gestNames),1):

error=findError(knownGestures[i],unknownGesture,keyPoints)

errorArray.append(error)

errorMin=errorArray[0]

minIndex=0

for i in range(0,len(errorArray),1):

if errorArray[i]<errorMin:

errorMin=errorArray[i]

minIndex=i

if errorMin<tol:

gesture=gestNames[minIndex]

if errorMin>=tol:

gesture='Unknown'

return gesture

width=1280

height=720

cam=cv2.VideoCapture(0,cv2.CAP_DSHOW)

cam.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH, width)

cam.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT,height)

cam.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS, 30)

cam.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FOURCC,cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'MJPG'))

findHands=mpHands(1)

time.sleep(5)

keyPoints=[0,4,5,9,13,17,8,12,16,20]

train=int(input('Enter 1 to Train, Enter 0 to Recognize '))

if train==1:

trainCnt=0

knownGestures=[]

numGest=int(input('How Many Gestures Do You Want? '))

gestNames=[]

for i in range(0,numGest,1):

prompt='Name of Gesture #'+str(i+1)+' '

name=input(prompt)

gestNames.append(name)

print(gestNames)

trainName=input('Filename for training data? (Press Enter for Default) ')

if trainName=='':

trainName='default'

trainName=trainName+'.pkl'

if train==0:

trainName=input('What Training Data Do You Want to Use? (Press Enter for Default) ')

if trainName=='':

trainName='default'

trainName=trainName+'.pkl'

with open(trainName,'rb') as f:

gestNames=pickle.load(f)

knownGestures=pickle.load(f)

tol=10

while True:

ignore, frame = cam.read()

frame=cv2.resize(frame,(width,height))

handData=findHands.Marks(frame)

if train==1:

if handData!=[]:

print('Please Show Gesture ',gestNames[trainCnt],': Press t when Ready')

if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xff==ord('t'):

knownGesture=findDistances(handData[0])

knownGestures.append(knownGesture)

trainCnt=trainCnt+1

if trainCnt==numGest:

train=0

with open(trainName,'wb') as f:

pickle.dump(gestNames,f)

pickle.dump(knownGestures,f)

if train == 0:

if handData!=[]:

unknownGesture=findDistances(handData[0])

myGesture=findGesture(unknownGesture,knownGestures,keyPoints,gestNames,tol)

#error=findError(knownGesture,unknownGesture,keyPoints)

cv2.putText(frame,myGesture,(100,175),cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,3,(255,0,0),8)

for hand in handData:

for ind in keyPoints:

cv2.circle(frame,hand[ind],25,(255,0,255),3)

cv2.imshow('my WEBcam', frame)

cv2.moveWindow('my WEBcam',0,0)

if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xff ==ord('q'):

break

cam.release()

Uncategorized

Python 3D Graphics Tutorial 18: 3D Clock Model with Proper Hand Motion

November 10, 2021 admin

In this lesson we create an Analog Clock Model with proper hand motion. The code developed in the lesson is shown below:

from vpython import *
import numpy as np
import time
clockR=1
clockT=clockR/10
majorTickL=clockR/7
majorTickT=2*np.pi*clockR/400
majorTickW=clockT*1.2

minorTickL=clockR/12
minorTickT=2*np.pi*clockR/600
minorTickW=clockT*1.2

minuteHandL=clockR-majorTickL
minuteHandT=minuteHandL/25
minuteHandOffset=clockT/2+minuteHandT

hourHandL=.75*minuteHandL
hourHandT=minuteHandT*1.25
hourHandOffset=clockT+hourHandT

secondHandL=clockR-majorTickL/2
secondHandT=minuteHandL/50
secondHandOffset=clockT*1.5+minuteHandT

hubRadius=clockT/2

hourAngle=np.pi/2
minuteAngle=np.pi/2
minInc=.0001
hourInc=minInc/12
secondAngle=np.pi/2
secondInc=minInc*60

for theta in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,13):
    majorTick=box(axis=vector(clockR*np.cos(theta),clockR*np.sin(theta),0), color=color.black, length=majorTickL, width=majorTickW, height=majorTickT, pos=vector((clockR-majorTickL/2)*np.cos(theta),(clockR-majorTickL/2)*np.sin(theta),0))
for theta in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,61):
    minorTick=box(axis=vector(clockR*np.cos(theta),clockR*np.sin(theta),0), color=color.black, length=minorTickL, width=minorTickW, height=minorTickT, pos=vector((clockR-minorTickL/2)*np.cos(theta),(clockR-minorTickL/2)*np.sin(theta),0))

clockFace=cylinder(axis=vector(0,0,1),color=vector(0,1,.8),length=clockT, radius=clockR,pos=vector(0,0,-clockT/2))
minuteHand=arrow(axis=vector(0,1,0),color=color.red,shaftwidth=minuteHandT,length=minuteHandL, pos=vector(0,0,minuteHandOffset))
hourHand=arrow(axis=vector(0,1,0),color=color.red,shaftwidth=hourHandT,length=hourHandL, pos=vector(0,0,hourHandOffset))
secondHand=arrow(axis=vector(0,1,0),color=color.red,shaftwidth=secondHandT,length=secondHandL, pos=vector(0,0,secondHandOffset))
hub=cylinder(axis=vector(0,0,1),color=color.red, radius=hubRadius, length= 2*clockT)
while True:
    rate(5000)
    hour=time.localtime(time.time())[3]
    if hour>12:
        hour=hour-12
    minute=time.localtime(time.time())[4]
    second=time.localtime(time.time())[5]
    hourAngle=-((hour+minute/60)/12)*2*np.pi+np.pi/2
    minuteAngle=-((minute+second/60)/60)*2*np.pi+np.pi/2
    secondAngle=-(second/60)*2*np.pi+np.pi/2
    print(second)
    hourHand.axis=vector(hourHandL*np.cos(hourAngle),hourHandL*np.sin(hourAngle),0)
    minuteHand.axis=vector(minuteHandL*np.cos(minuteAngle),minuteHandL*np.sin(minuteAngle),0)
    secondHand.axis=vector(secondHandL*np.cos(secondAngle),secondHandL*np.sin(secondAngle),0)

from vpython import *

import numpy as np

import time

clockR=1

clockT=clockR/10

majorTickL=clockR/7

majorTickT=2*np.pi*clockR/400

majorTickW=clockT*1.2

minorTickL=clockR/12

minorTickT=2*np.pi*clockR/600

minorTickW=clockT*1.2

minuteHandL=clockR-majorTickL

minuteHandT=minuteHandL/25

minuteHandOffset=clockT/2+minuteHandT

hourHandL=.75*minuteHandL

hourHandT=minuteHandT*1.25

hourHandOffset=clockT+hourHandT

secondHandL=clockR-majorTickL/2

secondHandT=minuteHandL/50

secondHandOffset=clockT*1.5+minuteHandT

hubRadius=clockT/2

hourAngle=np.pi/2

minuteAngle=np.pi/2

minInc=.0001

hourInc=minInc/12

secondAngle=np.pi/2

secondInc=minInc*60

for theta in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,13):

majorTick=box(axis=vector(clockR*np.cos(theta),clockR*np.sin(theta),0), color=color.black, length=majorTickL, width=majorTickW, height=majorTickT, pos=vector((clockR-majorTickL/2)*np.cos(theta),(clockR-majorTickL/2)*np.sin(theta),0))

for theta in np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,61):

minorTick=box(axis=vector(clockR*np.cos(theta),clockR*np.sin(theta),0), color=color.black, length=minorTickL, width=minorTickW, height=minorTickT, pos=vector((clockR-minorTickL/2)*np.cos(theta),(clockR-minorTickL/2)*np.sin(theta),0))

clockFace=cylinder(axis=vector(0,0,1),color=vector(0,1,.8),length=clockT, radius=clockR,pos=vector(0,0,-clockT/2))

minuteHand=arrow(axis=vector(0,1,0),color=color.red,shaftwidth=minuteHandT,length=minuteHandL, pos=vector(0,0,minuteHandOffset))

hourHand=arrow(axis=vector(0,1,0),color=color.red,shaftwidth=hourHandT,length=hourHandL, pos=vector(0,0,hourHandOffset))

secondHand=arrow(axis=vector(0,1,0),color=color.red,shaftwidth=secondHandT,length=secondHandL, pos=vector(0,0,secondHandOffset))

hub=cylinder(axis=vector(0,0,1),color=color.red, radius=hubRadius, length= 2*clockT)

while True:

rate(5000)

hour=time.localtime(time.time())[3]

if hour>12:

hour=hour-12

minute=time.localtime(time.time())[4]

second=time.localtime(time.time())[5]

hourAngle=-((hour+minute/60)/12)*2*np.pi+np.pi/2

minuteAngle=-((minute+second/60)/60)*2*np.pi+np.pi/2

secondAngle=-(second/60)*2*np.pi+np.pi/2

print(second)

hourHand.axis=vector(hourHandL*np.cos(hourAngle),hourHandL*np.sin(hourAngle),0)

minuteHand.axis=vector(minuteHandL*np.cos(minuteAngle),minuteHandL*np.sin(minuteAngle),0)

secondHand.axis=vector(secondHandL*np.cos(secondAngle),secondHandL*np.sin(secondAngle),0)

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